< What's New
Jabin T Jacob > Research Staff
Jabin T. Jacob is Associate Professor at the Department of International Relations and Governance Studies at the Shiv Nadar University, India and Adjunct Research Fellow at the National Maritime Foundation, New Delhi. He was formerly Fellow and Assistant Director at the Institute of Chinese Studies, Delhi and Associate Editor of the journal China Report. Jacob holds a PhD in Chinese Studies from the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi and has spent time as a student / researcher / faculty in Taiwan, Singapore and France. His research interests include Chinese domestic politics and Chinese foreign and security policies in South Asia and the Indian Ocean region.
As part of his research, Jacob has travelled in many of India’s border states and visited parts of the country’s disputed borders with China and Pakistan as well as the international borders with Myanmar and Bangladesh. He is a PhD supervisor at the Naval War College, Goa and a regular speaker at various other Indian defence training institutions. His latest publications include a co-edited volume with Hoang The Anh titled, China’s Search for ‘National Rejuvenation’: Domestic and Foreign Policies under Xi Jinping (Palgrave, 2020) and a Special Issue on the first centenary of the Communist Party of China guest edited with Bhim B. Subba in the journal China Report (2022). Some of his work can be found at https://indiandchina.com/
It is not exactly true that India's rivalry with China is spoken of only in hushed tones. The Indian strategic community is quite vocal about this reality
Dr. Jabin T. Jacob, Associate Professor at Shiv Nadar University, Delhi, spoke on the topic, 'Tibet in the ‘New Era’: The CPC’s Quest for Greater Control’ at the Tibet Museum's auditorium
https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/india-china-ties-new-delhi-s-inaction-is-further-encouraging-beijing-s-bad-behaviour-1215477.html
During his visit to Arunachal Pradesh earlier this week, Indian Home Minister Amit Shah declared, “Today, we can state with pride, gone are those days when people
In early April, China’s Ministry of Civil Affairs issued a notification that ‘standardized some geographical names
യുക്രെയ്നിലെ അതിക്രമങ്ങളുടെ പേരിൽ ഒട്ടേറെ രാജ്യങ്ങളുടെ വിമർശനം ഏറ്റുവാങ്ങി നിൽക്കുകയാണ് റഷ്യ. പ്രസിഡ...
Xi Jinping sees in Vladimir Putin an ally in the opposition to Western liberal ideas and a US-led global order. While the Chinese are no doubt calculating
China’s foreign ministry released a concept note in late February on its new Global Security Initiative (GSI).
ഈ കഴിഞ്ഞ ഫെബ്രവരി 21-നു, ചൈനയുടെ വിദേശ കാര്യ മന്ത്രാലയം, തങ്ങളുടെ പുതിയ ആശയമായ ‘ആഗോള സുരക്ഷാ
Iran and Saudi Arabia have just announced the restoration of diplomatic ties
Explained Why China Increase Defense Budget: चीन ने लगातार आठवीं बार अपने रक्षा बजट में बढ़ोतरी की है।
The Chinese increasingly think of themselves as putative challengers to the US’ global superpower status.
Let us start with our bottom line: a failure of the United States to come to Taiwan’s aid—politically, economically, and militarily—would devastate the Unites States’ credibility and defense commitments
Anthony Blinken and Wang Yi, top diplomats from the US and China respectively, finally met at the end of last week at the 59th Munich Security
Die indische Position ist nicht einfach schwarz oder weiß
A confidential research paper presented during a mid-January conference of the top police leadership in India has suggested that skirmishes along the Line of Actual Control (LAC)
On 9 December 2022, another military conflict happened at the disputed border region between India and China, injuring at least two dozen soldiers on both sides.
Strategic Vision is a journal jointly published by the Taiwan Center for Security Studies and the ROC National Defense University that provides analysis and policy recommendations on issues of importance
There has been yet another transgression by Chinese troops across the Line of Actual Control (LAC) between India and China. That it culminated in violence, that it took place
The attempt by China’s People’s Liberation Army to “unilaterally change the status quo” by transgressing the Line of Actual Control in Arunachal Pradesh’s Tawang
The Indian army said on Monday that soldiers from India and China clashed last week along the two countries' disputed Himalayan border.
While the Chinese party-state has, until now, been able to subdue or prevent protests using traditional means as well as new technology, protestors in the past have also been wary of embarrassing
At the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) that concluded last month, General Secretary Xi Jinping was able to fill the top echelons of the party’s leadership structures
The G20 summit at Bali, Indonesia is likely to be significant if nothing else for the fact that US President Joe Biden and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) General Secretary Xi Jinping will meet
Communist Party of China (CPC) General Secretary Xi Jinping’s consolidation of personal power was certainly the lead story at the party’s 20th National Congress.
The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of China has confirmed Xi Jinping’s overwhelming control over his Party and his country. What can be the implications for China, the world, and India?
Xi's comments indicate stress on China's territorial claims rather than a willingness to find negotiated settlements.
At the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) underway in Beijing, General Secretary Xi Jinping adopted a particularly trenchant tone with respect to perceived
അമേരിക്കയുടെ ഏകാധിപത്യസ്ഥാനത്തിനുള്ള വെല്ലുവിളിയാണ് ലോകത്തെ രണ്ടാമത്തെ സമ്പദ്വ്യവസ്ഥയായ ചൈനയും അവരു...
As China’s economic might and political heft have grown, so has attention to the national congresses of the Communist Party of China (CPC) held every five years. The week-long 20th National Congress
ചൈനീസ് കമ്മ്യുണിസ്റ്റ് പാർട്ടിയുടെ (സി.സി.പി) ഇരുപതാം ദേശീയ കോൺഗ്രസ് ഒക്ടോബർ 16-ന് ആരംഭിക്കും. ചൈനയുടെ സാമ്പത്തിക-രാഷ്ട്രീയ കരുത്ത്
The seventh plenum of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) ended on October 12. Coming as it
In Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, George Smiley is asked a question about what morality was — whether it was a method or if it was “vested in the aims”.
It is axiomatic that authoritarian states will be more vulnerable to sudden leadership changes or to regime collapse than open, democratic systems. Therefore, it is natural for China’s leaders
A deep-dive into why the crucial Communist Party congress next month could mark a major inflexion point in the country’s political and economic journey.
If Shah’s job is to help Modi do the electoral math and draw up strategies to win elections, it is Wang’s job to help create the narrative that legitimizes Xi Jinping in power in an authoritarian system.
A stronger Xi need not mean a more aggressive China – but India isn’t holding its breath
Xi as Prez for life: As China gets assertive, India must focus on reforms
The proposed amendments to the PRC constitution and the apparent centralization of power in Xi’s hands point to a fundamental weakness of institutions in China.
The Big Picture: Xi Jinping: President for Life
A fresh Chinese build-up in the Himalayan area of a summer stand-off raises fears in Delhi that the August peace deal may be unravelling, paving the way for an even bigger confrontation
in David Brewster (ed.), India and China at Sea: Sino-Indian Strategic Competition in the Maritime Domain (Oxford University Press, 2018), pp.208-223
The Indian Express, p.25
Yeoman’s Oracle The workings of Chinese politics made comprehensible to the average Indian reader
in Jean-Marc F. Blanchard (ed.), China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp.105-136
This paper examines Chinese arguments and justifications for the BRI 'belt and road initiative' in so far as they relate to India, but the weaknesses of these arguments have much to offer other countries that have joined or are seeking to join the BRI.
The Book Review, Vol. XLI, No. 12, pp.12-13
The Indian Express, p.23
As the blurb of this book says, while information about the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) is plentiful in China’s official media, there is comparatively little about the people who actually govern the province in China.
China Report,Vol. 54, No. 4, pp.330-32
The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor and the China–India–Pakistan Triangle
Half-baked calls to boycott Chinese goods in New Delhi and Beijing’s blockade on cheap Indian pharmaceuticals are a disservice to citizens in both countries
With Xi Jinping coming back stronger, India needs to think up more creative ways to both counter and work with China
In light of the continued resistance shown by China to include the name of Jaish-e-Mohammed chief Masood Azhar on the UN Security Council sanctions list
Xi Jinping’s report to the Congress, in fact, mentioned two centennials...
The Communist Party this week amended its constitution to canonise President Xi's political "thought"...
China's relationship with India has entered a new phase...
President Xi Jinping sets out long-term vision during Communist Party congress as he seeks to consolidate power....
in Jabin T. Jacob and Hoang The Anh (eds), China and Its Neighbourhood: Perspectives from India and Vietnam (New Delhi: Pentagon, 2017), pp. 12-26
in Jabin T. Jacob and Hoang The Anh (eds), China and Its Neighbourhood: Perspectives from India and Vietnam (New Delhi: Pentagon, 2017), pp. 1-11
This volume is an attempt to develop a more nuanced understanding of China`s foreign, security and economic policies by bringing together perspectives from two of its most important neighbours, India and Vietnam.
E-International Relations
China Report, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 409-411
China-India Brief, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, No. 98
The origin of current India-China hostilities in Bhutan harks back to a colonial era agreement...
India should simply count itself lucky that it has managed to maintain a special place for itself in Bhutan’s international affairs
Following the latest confrontation between China and India in the Doklam area of Bhutan, there is clearly an edge to...
Social Change, Vol 47, Issue 2, pp. 316-317
in Vijay Sakhuja (ed.), Pentagon Yearbook 2017: South Asia Defence and Strategic Perspective (New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2017), pp. 62-75
The Indian Express
A slightly strident analysis of the problems that hold India back from becoming a regional and global power
A foreign policy observer believes it is time for India to move towards a more flexible approach towards China.
in Amit R.Das Gupta and Lorenz M. Luthi (eds), The Sino-Indian War of 1962: New Perspectives(London and New York: Routledge, 2017), pp.233-252
in J. S. Bajwa (ed.), China: Threat or Challenge? (New Delhi: Lancer, 2017), pp. 336-352
in J. S. Bajwa (ed.), China: Threat or Challenge? (New Delhi: Lancer, 2017), pp. 29-37
Indian Defence Review, Vol. 32.1, pp. 77-80
The Book Review, Vol. XL, No. 12, pp.7-8
Strategic Vision for Taiwan Security, Vol. 5, Issue 30, pp. 4-8
Resentment against China has continued for far too long and gone too far.
While China said that Verma’s visit to the northeastern state would affect the “peace and tranquillity” on the border, India held that his visit was to an integral part of the country.
When Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping met for their bilateral on the sidelines of the 8th BRICS Summit in Goa two issues dominated
Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi comes to New Delhi this week ostensibly in preparation for the G-20 summit in Hangzhou
in Jagannath P. Panda(ed.), India-Taiwan Relations in Asia and Beyond: The Future (New Delhi: Pentagon Press,2016), pp.37-47
in Gurpreet S Khurana and Antara Ghosal Singh (eds), India and China: Constructing A Peaceful Order in the Indo-Pacific (New Delhi: National Maritime Foundation, 2016)
in Subir Bhaumik (ed.), Agartala Doctrine: A Proactive Northeast in India Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 253-270
Insights of Africa
Nação e Defesa (Nation and Defense, Instituto da Defesa Nacional, Lisboa, Portugal), No. 142, pp. 56-71
in Amrita Dey (ed.), Myanmar: Moving Towards Elections 2015 (Kolkata: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies, 2016), pp.79-89
Asia Policy Brief, Bertelsmann Foundation
As expected, the Democratic Progressive Party’s Tsai Ing-wen won the Taiwanese presidential elections. More surprisingly, the DPP also swept the Legislative Yuan elections, a first.
ICS Analysis, No. 38, February 2016
North Korea's nuclear test of 6 January was its fourth since 2006. The world led by the UN Security Council was quick to condemn Pyongyang's action.
Nação e Defesa (Nation and Defense,Instituto da Defesa Nacional, Lisboa, Portugal), No. 142, 2016, pp. 56-71
Water diversion from the Brahmaputra is an environmentally unsustainable proposition that might never happen.
Like India, China is keen on shaping Pakistan’s behaviour. This presents a real opportunity for Narendra Modi
China has exploited the opportunity provided by India’s high handed approach to the tiny archipelago.
in Jan Melissen and Yul Sohn (eds), Understanding Public Diplomacy in East Asia: Middle Powers in a Turbulent Region (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), pp.155-178
That the Communist Party of China has abandoned much of Deng’s advice is evident in two very different approaches in Chinese foreign and security policies
in Gurudas Das and C. Joshua Thomas (eds), Voices from the Border: Response to the Chinese Claim over Arunachal Pradesh (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2015), pp.48-62
China’s latest defence White Paper (WP) – its ninth – has only confirmed trends in Chinese military thinking that have been evident for some time.
When Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi makes his way to China this month, among the many important issues...
China News Network
Sino-Indian relations enter into a “new phase of development
Indications are that Prime Minister Narendra Modi will not just push an economic agenda, but...
ICS Analysis, No. 30, May 2015
Beijing’s position on its territorial claims in the South China Seas remains uncompromising.
By keeping out scholars trying to learn more about India, New Delhi also loses a chance of influencing them and if anything, solidifies negative opinions or misperceptions about India.
ICS Analysis, No. 26, January 2015
With Myanmar’s second general elections now due in late 2015, it is important to examine what impact Myanmar’s transition to electoral ‘democracy’ has for China and how China itself might seek to act in response to that transition.
Communist Party of China (CPC) General Secretary and Chinese President Xi Jinping announced the Silk Road Economic Belt...
Mahinda Rajapaksa’s loss in the Sri Lankan presidential elections in January 2015, raises a number of questions in the context of China’s role and influence in the country.
In a roughly 30-day period beginning late October 2014, China hosted a major international military dialogue called...
The Book Review, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 12, December 2014
Even without their rising world profiles as a starting point, it has long been a common enough exercise to compare and contrast India and China at various stages since the end of the Second World War.
Nobody expected Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping to wrap their arms around each other in a bear hug.
चीन के राष्ट्रपति शी चिनफिंग का तीन दिवसीय भारत दौरा संपन्न होगा। इसे कई कारणों से खासी ख्याति मिली।
As the first leaders of their respective countries born after Indian Independence and the Chinese Liberation, Modi and Xi would be expected to...
Asia Society
Insights on Africa, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp.81-84
In Happymon Jacob (ed.), Does India Think Strategically? India’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Manohar, 2014), pp. 245-288
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XLIX, No. 14, pp. 24-27
चीन के साथ 1962 के युद्ध में भारतीय सेना की हार पर हेंडरसन ब्रुक्स-प्रेम भगत रिपोर्ट का एक बड़ा भाग पिछले दिनों एक ब्रिटिश समाचार पत्र के पूर्व भारतीय संवाददाता नेविले मैक्सवेल द्वारा ऑनलाइन जारी कर दिया गया।
यह संयोग है कि भारत में आगामी लोकसभा चुनावों की घोषणा वाले दिन ही चीन की नेशनल पीपुल्स कांग्रेस यानी एनपीसी की वार्षिक बैठक शुरू हुई।
China-India Brief, No. 22, Centre on Asia and Globalisation, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy
in Joel Krieger (ed.), The Oxford Companion to International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)
An open, democratic polity must be backed by social and economic goods for the people of Arunachal Pradesh.
As Asia’s two most important powers and as neighbours, relations between China and India at their borders are just as important as their bilateral relations in other dimensions.
कम्युनिस्टपार्टी ऑफ चाइना (सीपीसी) की 18 वीं सेंट्रल कमिटी की तीसरी प्लेनरी (विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त महत्वपूर्ण और वरिष्ठ सदस्यों की सभा) इस महीने आयोजित हुई।...
भारतीयप्रधानमंत्री मनमोहन सिंह की अक्टूबर मध्य में चीन की यात्रा और चीनी प्रधानमंत्री ली केक्यांग की मई में भारत की यात्रा पर गौर करें तो...
प्रधानमंत्री मनमोहन सिंह इस सप्ताह श्रीलंका में राष्ट्रमंडल देशों के शासनाध्यक्षों के सम्मेलन (चोगम) में भाग लेने नहीं जा रहे हैं...
The Book Review, Vol. XXXVIII No. 10, October 2013, pp. 37-38
A grand strategy on China requires political attention, bureaucratic competence, military capability and academic expertise.
in C. V. Ranganathan and Sanjeev Kumar (eds), The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: A Major Turning Point for China (New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2013), pp.117-131
Associate Paper, Future Directions International
देशके पश्चिमी इलाके में मौजूद दपसांग में चीनी 'घुसपैठ' की वजह से तीन सप्ताह का गतिरोध खत्म होने के दो सप्ताह बाद...
चीन के प्रधानमंत्री ली कछ्यांग की भारत यात्रा ने दोनों देशों के साथ-साथ दुनिया का ध्यान भी खींचा...
in Dipankar Banerjee and Jabin T. Jacob, Military Confidence-Building and India-China Relations: Fighting Distrust (New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2013), pp. 151-161.
in Dipankar Banerjee and Jabin T. Jacob, Military Confidence-Building and India-China Relations: Fighting Distrust (New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2013), pp. 1-11
भारतीयउप राष्ट्रपति हामिद अंसारी और जापानी प्रधानमंत्री शिंजो आबे का वियतनाम पहुंचना इन देशों के बीच चीन की ओर से लगातार बढ़ रही चिंता की निशानी है।...
Xi Jinping has, as expected, taken over as the new general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) at its 18th National Congress.
The visit to India by Gen Liang Guanglie last week needs to be examined for...
दक्षिण चीन सागर में स्प्रेटली और पारासेल द्वीप समूह पर कब्जे को लेकर चीन का अपने पड़ोसियों के साथ झगड़े के इस दौर में जो हलचल मची है
The Chinese state-owned Global Times announced that the Bhutanese leader had expressed willingness to establish diplomatic ties with China.
पिछलेमहीने तीसरे इंडो-यूएस रणनीतिक वार्ता के बाद दक्षिण और मध्य एशिया के लिए अमेरिकी सहायक विदेश मंत्री रॉबर्ट ब्लैक ने कहा, अमेरिका चीन और भारत के साथ एक त्रिपक्षीय वार्ता करना चाहता है
Manmohan Singh’s visit to Myanmar in late May — the first by an Indian prime minister in 25 years — inevitably brings up comparisons to what China does in Myanmar.
RSIS Policy Brief, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore
Southeast Asia News Review, Vol. 1 No. 24 May 2012, pp. 20-23
In late April, 40-year old blind Chinese civil rights activist, Chen Guangcheng dramatically escaped house arrest and turned up at the US embassy in Beijing seeking refuge.
देश और इससे बाहर पांच हजार किलोमीटर तक मार करने वाली अग्नि -5 मिसाइल के सफल परीक्षण की व्याख्या हो रही है। माना जा रहा है इसका निशाना चीन है।
Journal of South Asian Development, April 2012 Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 70-73
The dust has not yet settled on the dismissal of Bo Xilai as party secretary of Chongqing, one of China’s four major city-level provinces.
Many observers outside China, including those from India, have concluded that this massive build-up indicates that China is intent on making war with its neighbours.
The Book Review, Vol. XXXVI No. 3, March 2012, pp.19-20
RSIS Commentaries, No. 029/2012, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore, 20 February 2012. (republished as ‘China and India: moving beyond the boundary dispute?‘ East Asia Forum, 27 February 2012.)
In Sino-Indian relations, it would appear that the more things change, the more they remain the same.
It is clear that China’s Vice President has what it takes for the top job but can he give the Chinese people the change they desperately want?
An India more confident of its democratic and republican ideals and willing to use these as foundations of its foreign policy...
Both China and India remain wary of leaning too heavily on Kathmandu
The Tibetan government-in-exile has a new political leader. Lobsang Sangay took over not only as the new Kalon Tripa or Prime Minister but...
The Book Review, Vol. XXXV, No. 8-9, August-September 2011, pp.50-51
The Communist Party of China (CPC) celebrated the 90th anniversary of its founding in July this year.
Associate Paper, Future Directions International
American resistance to greater Indian activity in Afghanistan and Indian reluctance to undertake a more value-based engagement in East Asia are hypocritical and shortsighted.
As two countries that account for a third of the world’s population, India and China are letting themselves down badly by not ensuring greater and more frequent contacts between their peoples.
in D. Suba Chandran and Jabin T. Jacob (eds), India’s Foreign Policy: Old Problems, New Challenges (New Delhi: Macmillan, 2011), pp. 1-22
in D. Suba Chandran and Jabin T. Jacob (eds), India’s Foreign Policy: Old Problems, New Challenges (New Delhi: Macmillan, 2011), pp. 287-300
Early May, even as the world was coming to grips with the killing of Osama bin Laden, the US was moving to deal with...
China’s seventh Defence White Paper released at the end of March, stated that one of its aims was to 'boost the world’s trust in [China’s] commitment to peaceful development
One of the more striking images of the 2008 earthquake in China was of a Japanese destroyer steaming into a Chinese port...
Current Indian foreign policy is informed by a realization that a combination of economic reforms and the end of the Cold War has steered India into a position of some considerable influence in the post-9/11 world. Nevertheless, Indian foreign policy has
While issues of democracy and individual rights have cropped up several times in the course of recent events...
IPCS Issue Brief, No. 162, February 2011
in Gurmeet Kanwal and Dhruv C. Katoch (eds), China's Defence Policy: Indian Perspective (New Delhi: Lancer Publishers, 2011), pp. 33-42
Société de Stratégie – AGIR (Paris), No. 44, pp. 43-56
IPCS, August 2010
China Report, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 89-92
in Amitabh Mattoo and Happymon Jacob (eds), Shaping India’s Foreign Policy: People, Politics & Places (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2010), pp. 141-171
Clingendael Asia Forum, Clingendael Institute (the Hague)
in Dilip Gogoi (ed.), Beyond Borders: India’s Look East Policy and Northeast India (Guwahati: DVS Publishers, 2010), pp. 126-147
IPCS, November 2009
4th Berlin Conference on Asian Security 2009, 28-30 October 2009, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP, Berlin), January 2010
Paper, Asia Centre Conference Series, Centre d’études Asie (Paris)
The Book Review, Vol. XXXIII, No. 3, March 2009, pp.18-19
IPCS, May 2009
in Ger Yeong-kuang, Vinod Joseph and Surendra Kumar (eds), Taiwan in the 21st Century (New Delhi: Viva International, 2009), pp. 12-36
in P. Stobdan and D. Suba Chandran (eds), The Last Colony: Muzaffarabad-Gilgit-Baltistan (Jammu: Center for Strategic and Regional Studies (CSRS), University of Jammu, 2008), pp. 125-156
China Report, February 2008, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp.86-87
Swords and Ploughshares, ACDIS (University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign), Vol. XVI, No. 1, Winter 2007-8, pp. 19-21
in Jaideep Saikia (ed.), Frontier in Flames: North East India in Turmoil (New Delhi: Penguin, 2007), pp. 170-185
in Anita Sharma and Sreemati Chakrabarti (eds), Taiwan Today (New Delhi: Anthem Press, 2007), pp. 22-41
Chinese domestic politics; Chinese foreign and security policies in South Asia and the Indian Ocean region; centre-province relations in China
© 2019 ICS All rights reserved.
Powered by Matrix Nodes
Download CV
Explaining the India-China Standoff at Doklam: Causes and Implications
01 Oct 2017
Aakrosh, Vol. 20, No. 77, pp. 60-76